The Geographic Distribution, Venom Components, Pathology and Treatments of Stonefish (Synanceia spp.) Venom

Stonefish are regarded as one of the most venomous fish in world. Research on stonefish venom has chiefly focused vitro and vivo neurological, cardiovascular, cytotoxic nociceptive effects venom. The last literature review was published over a decade ago, much changed field since. In this review, we have generated global map current distribution all (Synanceia) species, presented table clinical case reports provided up-to-date information about development polyspecific antivenom. We also an overview recent advancements biomolecular composition venom, including analysis transcriptomic proteomic data from Synanceia horrida gland. Moreover, highlights need for further research properties which may reveal novel molecules drug discovery, or other physiological uses.